Romanian (limba română IPA ), the official language of Romania, is an Eastern Romance language. These are spoken natively by astir 30 million population, virtually all of the babies inside Romania, Moldova and Vojvodina. When a official form of Moldovan is nearly monovular to a official form of Romanian, the conversational speech of Chişinau and its suburbs has additional differences. 2 away from troika Moldovans assume themselves to exist as speakers of Romanian like than Moldovan.

History

A Romanian territory was inhabited around ancient days per Dacians, an Indo-European people. It were defeated per Roman Empire in 106 and part of Dacia (Oltenia, Banat and Transylvania) became a Roman province. For a next 165 years, there exists grounds to believe of considerable Roman settlement within a area, the area existence in close communication by having the rest of the Roman empire. Vulgar Latin became the language of the administration & commerce.

Under a pressure of the Free Dacians and of the Goths, the Roman administration & legions were withdrawn from either Dacia between 271-275. Whether a Romanians come a descendent one humans that abandoned a metropolitan area & settled south of Danube or even of the humans that remained within Dacia occurs as matter of debate. For farther discussion, view Origin of Romanians.

Due to its geographical isolation, Romanian was probably a 1st language that split & until a modern age was non influenced by more Romance languages. These are is supplementary conservativist than more Romance languages around nominal morphology. Romanian has preserved declension, collapsing Latin's six shells into threesome, a nominative/accusative, the genitive/dative, and a vocative, and retains a alter gender as well. Still, a verbal morphology of Romanian has shown the equivalent move towards the compound perfect and future tense as the more Romance languages.

All the accent of Romanian come believed to own been unified around the Common Romanian language until sometime between a 7th and the 10th century when the locality was influenced per Byzantine Empire & Romanian became influenced per Slavonic languages. Aromanian language has very pack Slavonic words. Too, a variations in the Daco-Romanian idiom (spoken throughout Romania & Moldova) may be microscopic, which is quite remarkable. a utilise of this uniform Daco-Romanian accent extends swell beyond a borders of a Romanian state: a Romanian-speaker from either either Moldova speaks the equivalent language as a Romanian-speaker from the Serbian Banat.

These are besides noteworthy that Romanian was a sole Romance language that was non under a ethnic influence of the Roman Catholic Church, instead existence influenced per Orthodox Church, Slavonic, Greek & Turkish cultures.

Contacts with other languages
Dacian language
A Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient Dacians. It was a foremost language to influence a Latwithin spoken in Dacia, however there exists super little noesis all about it.

All about 300 words encountered lone around Romanian (altogether idiom) or even using the cognate in the Albanian language are generally thought to become inherited from either Dacian, numbers of of the children existence related pastoral life (e.g.: balaur=dragon; brânză=cheese; mal=shore; look at likewise: List of Dacian words). A few linguists imagine that as a matter of fact Albanians come Dacians world health organization were non Romanized, & migrated to the south.

There exists a second theory that Dacian was fairly around Latin, originally advanced by linguist Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu. Still, there exists little trend lines available for even this idea, & a general watch is that Dacian was more or less Albanian or Balto-Slavic.

Balkan linguistic union
When virtually all area of the Romanian grammar & morphology come according to Vulgar Latin, there come however a few features that are shared single using more languages of the Balkans & just can not become detected within more Romance languages.

A languages of this sprachbund belong to distinct branches of the Indo-European languages: Bulgarian & Albanian, and inside a select few events Greek and Serbian.

Among a divided features, there are a deferred definite article, a syncretism of possessive & dative suits, a formation of the new & right tenses, also when the turning away of infinitive.

Slavic languages
A Slavic influence was largely according to Church Slavonic, which was a liturgical language until a 18th century, when well as Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Serbian.

As much as 20% of the vocabulary is of Slavic origin, including words like: a iubi=to love; glas=voice; nevoie=require; prieten=friend; Even so, numerous Slavic words come archaisms and it is figured that merely 10% of the words inside modern Romanian come Slavic [2].

There are occasionally Slavonic influences, two on the phonetic level & on the lexical level—for instance Romanian took a Slavonic district attorney for yes.

Other influences
Potentially prior to a 19th century, Romanian come inside call for using many more languages. Leading light among which are actually: Greek (for example: folos < ófelos = use; buzunar < buzunára = pocket; proaspăt < prósfatos = fresh) Hungarian (for example: oraş < város = town; a cheltui < költeni = to spend; a făgădui < fogadni = to promise) Turkish (for example: cafea < kahve = coffee; cutie < kuta =box; papuc < papuç = slipper) German (for example: cartof < Kartoffel = potato; bere < Bier = beer; şurub < Schraube = screw)

International words
Since the 19th century, many modern words were borrowed from the other Romance languages, especially from French and Italian (for example: birou < bureau = desk, office; avion = airplane; exploata = exploit, etc). It was estimated that about 38% of the number of words in Romanian are of French or Italian origin and adding this to the words that were inherited from Latin, it makes about 75-85% of the Romanian words that can be traced to Latin.

Some Latin words have entered Romanian twice, first as part of its core or popular vocabulary and a second time as a more literary international borrowing. Typically, the popular word is a noun and the borrowed word an adjective:

brother: frate / fratern finger: deget / digital water: apă / acvatic cold: frig / frigid eye: ochi / ocular

Recently, an increasing number of English words have been borrowed (such as: gem < jam; interviu < interview; meci < match; manager < manager). These words are assigned grammatical gender in Romanian and handled according to Romanian rules; thus "the manager" is managerul.

Geographic distribution
Romanian is spoken mostly in Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, but there are also Romanian language speakers in countries like Canada, United States, Germany, Israel, Australia and New Zealand, mainly due to immigration after World War II.

Official status
Romanian is the official language of Romania. Inside Vojvodina it is established as compeer inside rights to the official languages, however in point of fact its status is inferior thereto of Serbian.

A official language within Moldova is officially called Moldovan, but a official form of this language is monovular to Romanian, using a few minor differences around spelling.

Around more area of Serbia & around Ukraine, Romanian communities have super couple of rights on a have & preservation of their language within schools, click, administration & institutions.

Romanian is one of a 5 languages where religious services come performed in the autonomous conventual state of Mount Athos, spoken in the sketae of Prodromos and Lacu (the sketa existence the community of monks; sketae is plural form).

Dialects and regional varieties
A term "Romanian" within the general feel envelops 4 hardly reciprocally graspable speech varieties unremarkably look upon independent languages. For sir thomas more in these, please look at a article "Eastern Romance languages".

These are thought that a Romanian language appeared to the north & in the south of the Danube. All the little joe accent come offsprings of the Romance language spoken both to a north & South Danube, prior to the payout of the Slavonian tribes south of a flow of any stream - Daco-Romanian to the north, & the more trine idiom to the south.

Yet, this article deals primarily by using Daco-Romanian, & so a regional variations of that is discussed on this text instead. A differences between these variaties come ordinarily super little, unremarkably consisting inside two or three twelve regional words & a bit of phonetic changes.

Daco-Romanian may be look upon a dialect continuum and as such, it just can not exist as neatly divided into separate idiom. Nonetheless, a Daco-Romanian regional varieties come ordinarily divided about into these groups (Romanian "graiuri"):

Muntenian idiom (Graiul muntenesc), spoken principally around Wallachia and southern parts of Dobruja. Regarded when a standard kind of Romanian. Moldavian accent (Graiul moldovenesc), spoken primarily inside Moldavia, northern parts of Dobruja and the Republic of Moldova. Written

is realised when /k/; written prior to front vowels is realised when /ʃ/. Written <ă>, inside final position, is palatalized. Maramureşian idiom (Graiul maramureşean), spoken around the main in Maramureş. Transylvanian idiom (Graiul ardealean), spoken primarily inside Ardeal. Banatian accent (Graiul bănăţean), spoken primarily around Banat. Written prior to front vowels is realised when /ʧ/. Oltenian accent (Graiul oltenesc), spoken within the main in Oltenia and by the Romanian minority within Timok region of Serbia. Notable feature of this accent is a usage of the Elementary right tense like than the Complex hone which is utilized inside more idiom.

Grammar

Romanian nouns come inflected by gender (feminine, masculine & neuter), dull (singular form & plural form) & out break (nominative/accusative, dative/genitive & vocative). A articles, too when virtually all adjectives & pronouns, agree in gender with a noun it information.

Romanian is the single Romance language in which definite articles are enclitic: that is, attached to the prevent of the noun (when inside North Germanic languages), instead of in front (proclitic). It were formed, when inside more Romance languages, from either a Latin demonstrative.

Romanian has tetrad verbal conjugations which further split into many conjugation system. Verbs may be put around 5 moods that are inflected based on data from a human (indicative, conditional/optative, imperative, subjunctive, and presumptive) and quaternity neutral moods (infinitive, gerund, supine, and participle).

Sounds
Independent article: Romanian phonology

Romanian has vii vowels: will come out around a bit of words.

Within final positions fallowing consonants (seldom in words) the short non-syllabic and is produced as a palatalization of the preceding consonant. a similar healthy, the voiceless ending u, existed around old Romanian however has disappeared from either a standard language.

There are besides quaternary glide & twenty consonants.

Diphthongs
Descending diphthongs: ai, au, ei, eu, deuce, iu, oi, ou, ui, ăi, ău, îi, îu.

Ascending diphthongs: ea, eo, iowa, internet explorer, io, iu, oa, ua, uă.

Triphthongs
Pattern S-V-S (independent vowel between ii glide): eai, eau, iai, iau, iei, ieu, ioi, iou, oai.

Pattern S-S-V (both-semivowel glide prior to a independent vowel): eoa, ioa.

Phonetic changes
Due to its isolation from either a more Romance languages, a phonetic evolution of Romanian was quite different, however does part two or three changes by owning Italian, like [kl] > [kj] (Latisimus dorsi. chlorinearus > Rom. chiar, Ital. chiaro) & too two or three by owning Dalmatian, such as [gn] > [mn] (Latisimus dorsi. cognatus > Rom. cumnat, Dalm. comnut).

Among a notability phonetic changes come: diphthongization of e, we, o : Latisimus dorsi. one hundredera > Rom. 100eară (wax) : Latisimus dorsi. solupus erythematosus > Rom. soare (sun) iotacism [e] → [i] : Latisimus dorsi. herba > Rom. wearbă (grass, herb) velar [k], [g] → labial consonant [p], [b], [m] : Latisimus dorsi. octo > Rom. opt (eight) : Latisimus dorsi. linanogramua > Rom. limbă (tongue, language) : Latisimus dorsi. signum > Rom. semn (sign) : Latisimus dorsi. coxthe > Rom. coapsă (thigh) rotacism [l] → [r] : Latisimus dorsi. caefiftyum > Rom. cer (sky) dentals [d] & [t] palatalised to [dz]/[z] & [ts] whenever prior to [e] or [i] : Latisimus dorsi. five hundredeus > Rom. zeu (god) : Latisimus dorsi. tenem > Rom. ţine (hang on to)

Romanian is a lone widely-spoken contemporary Romance language that retains the original phoneme , however also, a original phoneme appears to keep around been . Around these accent, arguably corresponds to 2 phonemes, a single for [r], & a single for [h].)

Writing system

the number one written record of a Romanic language spoken in the midst Ages in the Balkans was written per Byzantine chronicler Theophanes Confessor in the 6th century about a military expedition against a Avars from 587, when the Vlach mule driver accompanying a Byzantine army found that a bucket was falling from either one of the animate being & shouted to a companion "Torna, torna fratre" (meaning "Return, return brother!").

A oldest written text inside Romanian occurs as letter from either 1521, where Neacşu of Câmpulung wrote to the mayor of Braşov about an imminent attack of the Turks. It was written using the Cyrillic alphabet, like virtually all early Romanian writings. the earliest writing within Latin script was a late 16th century Transylvanian text which was written with a Hungarian alphabet conventions.

In the late 1700s, Transylvanian scholars noted a Latin origin of Romanian & adapted the Italian alphabet to the Romanian language. A Cyrillic alphabet remained within (bit by bit decreasing) apply until 1860, whilst Romanian writing was number one officially regulated.

In the Soviet Republic of Moldova, a favorite version of a Cyrillic alphabet from either the Russian version was utilized, until 1989, when it returned to the Romanian Latin alphabet.

Romanian alphabet
Independent article: Romanian alphabet

A Romanian alphabet is as follows:

The, the (the); Ă, ă (ă); Â, â (â diNorth the); B, b (exist as), One hundre500, one hundrefive hundred (ce); D, d (diamond state), E, e (e); F, f (fe / ef); G, g (ghe / ge); H, h (hour anglupus erythematosus / haş); we personally, we (we); Î, î (î dinorth i); J, j (je), m, k (ka delaware la kilo), Fifty, 50 (le / el); M, m (pine tree state / em); N, n (ne / nut); O, o (o); P, p (pe); R, r, (re / er); S, s (se / es); e); U, u (u); Five, 5 (ve); Ten, ten (ics); Z, z (ze / zet).

A Romanian alphabet is according to a Latin alphabet, and has 5 extra letters (which are actually non diacriticals, however letters in their have best). At first, there were when numerous when Dozen extra letters, however a few of the two disappeared around subsequent reforms. As well, until the early 20th century, a short vowel marker was utilized.

Now, a Romanian alphabet is largely phonetic. Nevertheless, a "â" (utilized within a words) & "î" (utilized at a beginning or even a prevent) two represent a equivalent close central unrounded vowel is transcribed as either î once utilized when a 1st or even even survive letter of words, or â once it occurs midmost of the word. Within practice, either usage is acceptable & a few publications however locate a Communist-era writing system.

An additional exception from either the all phonetic orthography is the fact that vowels and their several semivowels are not distinguished inside writing. Inside lexicon a distinction is marked by separating a main entry word into syllables for the words containing a hiatus that may exist as mispronounced as a diphthong or a triphthong.

Accented vowels likewise are non marked inside writing, except super seldom just in case in which by misplacing the stress a word can vary its meaning. E.g. "trei copíi" means deuce-ace babies when "trei cópii" means deuce-ace copies.

Q, W & Y are non a share of the core Romanian alphabet; it is utilized principally to write imported words, like quasi-stellar radio source, watt, & yoga.

Writing a letters Ș () by owning the cedillthe instead of a comma (i personally.e., Ş, Ţ) is wrong however like far flung, especially around computer environments.

Reading rules
Reading Romanian involves learning two or three system, quite similar to reading Italian.

The letters c& g represent a affricate consonant .

h is

j is

The letter by using comma in the image below, , though a allographs by using cedilla, ş & ţ became far flung once pre-Unicode and early Unicode character sets did not include a standard form.

A final orthographical i when the consonant is palatalization of the consonant (e. g. lup "wolves").

ă is a schwa, .

Group of letters
Letters c& g keep around favorite pronunciation whenever utilized inside these groups of characters, which are then a equivalent when inside Italian

Punctuation and Capitalization
A simply specialness Romanian has relative to more languages using the Latin alphabet come: A quotation marks apply a German format; Dialogues come identified using quotation dashes; Proper quotations which span multiple paragraphs don't run apiece paragraph by using a quotation marks; 1 only pair of quotation marks is universally utilized, disregardless of how else numbers of paragraphs come quoted; A Oxford comma before "and" is considered wrong ("red, yellow and blue" is the proper format); Punctuation signs which watch a text within parentheses universally watch the final bracket; Inside titles, sole a number one letter of a number 1 word is capitalized, the rest of the title applying phrase capitalization (by owning completely its system: proper noun come capitalized when most common, etc.).

Exceptions and trends
Dialogues come identified by owning quotation dashes around everyday utilise, although a specific character is generally replaced by having an average dash ("-") inside informal electronic communication.

Usage of German quotation marks has decreased well inside favor the lot supplementary handy English-language format, at least in informal messages. Possibly around writing, because of a awkwardness of properly drawing German dashes (reversing a counsel of writing upwards for the final quotation symbol), the proper format is seldom utilized, occasionally using the Polish format instead, if any attempt at proper formatting is done. Within practice, single a virtually all formal documents, like literary works or even super formal letters, utilize what come formally considered a proper form of quotation marks.

Language sample
English text: Contemporary Romanian - highlighted words come French or even Italian loanwords: Romanian, excluding French or even Italian loan - highlighted words come Slavic loanwords: Romanian, excluding loan: ''Understand as well: Lord's Prayer in Romanian''

Common words and phrases

English	Romanian	Phonetical transcription
Romanian (individual)	Român
How-do-you-do!	Salut!
What's your computers title?	Cum te cheamă?
How else come we?	Ce mai faci?
So long!	La revedere!
Bye!	Pa!
Please.	Vă rog.
Regretful.	Îmi pare rău.
Thank busy people.	Mulţumesc.
Yes.	Da.
There is no.	Nu.
We don't know.	Nu înţeleg.
In which's a bathroom?	Unde e toaleta?
Do you speak English?	Vorbiţi engleza?

Note
^(I) A constitution of the Republic of Moldova refers to the country's language when Moldovan like than Romanian, though around practice these are typically known as "Romanian". For extra tools, please look at Moldovan language.